Sistemas de Radio Comunicación

Principios de la transmisión por radio

TRANSMISION:

1)Tipo de emision de señal.- La emision se refiere al tipo de señal q se transmite por medio de la antena. El tipo de emision depende del tipo de modula(qpsk QAM).y de la frecuencia de la portadora.
2)Ancho de banda necesario y ancho de banda ocupado.– ABn(el necesario es la porcion de energia imprescindible para la demodulacion de la señal). ABo= es lo q se asigna para la frec. De transmisión.
3)Variaciones en la frecuencia de Tx
4)Emisiones no deseadas.- Por la no linealidad de los equipos se produce perturbaciones en la frec.. y para evitar se usan filtros.
5)Potencia de Tx.– Se refiere al alcance de las emisiones de la señal electromagnetica. Lmin (para q se pueda reproducir) Lmax( para no interferir con otras señales cerca del Rx).
Potencia media de la onda modulada
Potencia de portadora
Potencia de cresta de la envolvente
6)tipo de polarizacion: Indica el sentido de orientación del campo electromagnetico.==> horizontal, vertical, oblicua, circular.
PROPAGACION DE SEÑALES RADIOELECTRICO

Medio de propagacion.- Dependerá de 3 aspectos:

1) Frecuencia de Transmisión:
– Frecuencias bajas(40-30Khz) se propaga por onda superficial.
– Frecuencias Altas(3-30Mhz) la señal se propaga por reflexiones q se producen en la ionosfera.
– Frecuencias muy altas(>30 Mhz) la señal se transmite por onda espacial(puede ser directa o reflejada sobre la troposfera.
Dependera de la presion, temperatura y la densidad
2) Del tipo de suelo.- – Topografia, tierra o mar, humedad, seco
3) Condiciones ambientales.– Lluvia, Nieve, cambios de estaciones.

Onda espacial: Cuando la propagacion se efectua por onda directa y reflejada:reflexion, difracción,refraccion, dispersión, absorción.
Onda Superficial: Cuando la propa. Se efectua en la superficie de la tierra
Onda Ionosférica: Cuando la propagacion se efectua sobre la ionosfera

REFLEXION: Se define el coeficiente de reflexion como la capacidad q tiene la sup. De la tierra de reflejar una onda radioelectrica. Este coeficiente depende:
La composición del suelo y de las propiedades de la onda incidente( Frecuenta, polarizavion, angulo de incidencia)
Si es mas resistivo el alcance va a ser menor (-)resistivo(>conductividad) +alcance
REFRACCION: Se produce en la capas de la Troposfera; las ondas son sometidas a fenómenos de refracción debido a la no uniformidad del medio de propagación. Depende de estos 3 factores: Presión, temperatura y la humedad.
N(h)=315 e(-0.136h) =indice de refraccion
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Imagen

= curvatura de la onda refractada
Si es mayor a 0 =>el enlace es superior al da la vision optica
Si es = 0 => El enlace tendra la misma curvatura de la tierra
Si es El en lace tiene la curvatura menor a la tierra.
DIFRACCION: Fenómeno que ocurre cuando la onda electromagnética incide sobre algún obstáculo.
1)Principio de Huygens: Cualquier punto de un frente de onda se considera como un elemento radiante que origina nuevas ondas.
2)Zonas de Fresnel:

R= 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Imagen


Si esta area tiene 60 % de espacio libre es posible realizar la Tx osea 60 % del anillo no debe presentar obstaculos . Si 40 % se encuentra ocupado no existe Tx
Parámetro de difracción de 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Imagen


PARA un obstáculo redondo
A=Ld(v)+T(m,n)
T(m,n)=K*mb
EL obstaculo puede ser:
-Arista
-Superficie Redonda
-Diferentes Obstaculos
Absorcion y Dispercion:
1)Atenuacion por gases y Vapores atmosfericos:Frecuencias superiores a 10 Ghz A=Equation.301050000020000000b0000004571756174696f6e2e33000000000000000000000e0000d0cf11e0a1b11ae1000000000000000000000000000000003e000300feff0900060000000000000000000000010000000100000000000000001000000200000001000000feffffff0000000000000000fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffdffffff04000000feffffff05000000fefffffffeffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff52006f006f007400200045006e00740072007900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016000500ffffffffffffffff0200000002ce020000000000c00000000000004600000000000000000000000040ba18f2b776ca0103000000c00300000000000001004f006c00650000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a000201ffffffffffffffffffffffff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001400000000000000010043006f006d0070004f0062006a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000120002010100000004000000ffffffff00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000720000000000000003004f0062006a0049006e0066006f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012000201ffffffffffffffffffffffff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030000000600000000000000feffffff02000000fefffffffeffffff05000000060000000700000008000000090000000a0000000b0000000c000000fefffffffefffffffeffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff010000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100feff030a0000ffffffff02ce020000000000c000000000000046230000004d6963726f736f667420456469746f72206465206563756163696f6e657320332e30000c0000004453204571756174696f6e000b0000004571756174696f6e2e3300f439b271000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff030000000400000001000000ffffffff0100000000000000b903000034020000ea010000010009000003f500000002001c00000000000500000009020000000005000000020101000000050000000102ffffff00050000002e0118000000050000000b0200000000050000000c02000260031200000026060f001a00ffffffff000010000000c0ffffffc6ffffff20030000c60100000b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Imagen


2)Atenuación por lluvia:Se evalua para frecuencia superiores a los 6 Ghz
A(r,p)= 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Imagen

(r,p) Lef
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Imagen

=atenuación especifica
R=intensidad por lluvia
P=porcentaje de tiempo de la precipitación
Lef=longi. Efectiva del trayecto
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Imagen

=k*R
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Imagen


3)Atenuación por vegetación: Cuando la atenuación es muy alta, superior a 30 db, debe considerarse la posibilidad de difracción.
IONOSFERA: Depende de los rayos ultravioletas del sol, esta compuesta por 3 capas: D(60-90km)refleja f bajas y atenúa las altas, E(90-130km), F1(150-200km), F2(300-450km)aparece de día.
La atmosfera se caracteriza por ser:
Superrefractiva, k >4/3
Standard k=4/3
Subrefractiva, 1Subrefractiva intensa,0LF 3-300khz 10-1 km Navegación
MF300-3000Khz 1-0.1km Radiofusion
HF 3-30Mhz 100-10m Telefonia
VHF 30-300Mhz10-10Tv,FM,Mov
UHF300-3000Mhz100-10cmTV
SHF3-30Ghz10-1cmRadio

Efectos q producen los fenomenos en la propagacion:
1)Desvanecimiento.- Se define como la disminución del nivel por debajo al valor nominal en campo o potencia
Potencia nominal se define como el nivel de potencia de señal media q llega a la antena.
CONTROL del desvanecimiento:
a)Utilización de tecnicas de diversidad
b)Inclinación ligera de las antenas
c)Desplazamiento del punto re reflexion a una zona menor reflectante
d)Utilización de sistemas anti-reflectantes
TIPOS DE DESVANECIMIENTO
a)Planos, cuando afecta por igual a todos los componentes del espectro de la señal
b)Selectivo, cuando se produce en una zona del espectro de señal afectando a un margen pequeño de FREC.
c)Desvanecimiento Multitrayecto, producido por diferentes componentes reflejados
2)Ruido y Perturbación.- Se entiende por perturbación al conjunto de actuaciones externas e internas sobre el sistema de tx q hacen q la señal recibida no sea igual a la Tx.
Tipos de perturbaciones: a)Distorsion b)Diafonia c)Ruido e interferencia
TIPos de Ruidos:
a) Ruido de fonfo y de intermodulacion: Es de origen termico, se caracteriza por una distribución uniforme de energia en todo el espectro de frecuencia
b) Ruido de diafonia y el ruido impulsivo: Es de carácter aleatorio y en forma de impulsos de corta duracion.
Lno=10 log t + 10log B
Interferencia y compatibilidad electromagnetica(EMI): Se define como señalesde tipo electromagnetico q pertuabn el normal funcionamiento del sistema electrico.segun la respuesta del sistema se clasifican en
*ACTIVA:Cuando la respuesta del sistema actua como si hubiera recibido una señal
*PASIVA: Cuando una señal valida es anulada a causa de la EMI
Los efectos q causan las señales interferentes se clasifican en:
O: no influye la perturbación
A:La perturbación produce efectos aceptables, no altera el funcionamiento
B: La perturbación altera temporalmente
D: Produce daños irreversibles en el grupo quedando.

METODOS DE MINIMIZACION DE INTERFERENCIA
a)Apantallamiento
b)Filtrado
c)Aislamiento galvanico
d)Buen Atoramiento
e)Control de impedancias
Compatibilidad Electromagnetica: Capacidad que tiene el equipo de ser inmune(o enfrentar) a interferencias, a las EMI
LOS RADIO ENLACES:
1)Los servicios q brindan dependen de una determinada frecuencia
2)Mi sistema es punto a punto
3)La propagacion se realiza a la troposfera
4)El RE es de tipo duplex
5)Determinar el RE entre analogico y digital
ENLACE ANALOGICO:

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Imagen

) Fm:FREC. Maxima de la señal de banda base
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Imagen

: Desviación maxima de frecuencia

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Imagen

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Imagen

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Imagen

Ln:Carga Multicanal
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Imagen

: Excursión eficaz de frecuencia por canal
Ln= -15+10logN n: numero de canales
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Imagen

+2fv
ENLACE DIGITAL:
30 canales —————–à2mbps
240canales—————à8Mbps
300a2700—————-à34Mbps
Ancho de banda de un canal digital:

Depende del tipo de modulación: PSK,QAM4,16, 64, 256
Depende de la capacidad del canal: 2,8, 34,140 Mbps
Depende de las caracteristicas de filtrado

Bwd=k*F*Vb*R

K:factor de modulacion(1y0.6)
F: factor de especificación 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Imagen


Vb:Regimen binario
R: 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Imagen

M= #de niveles en modulacion multicanal

BALANCE DE UN RADIO ENLACE

Prx=M-sensibilidad del receptor
Ptx- Ltx – Lrx + Gtx + Grx=M-Sensibilidad de Rx

EQUIPAMIENTO DE UN RADIO ENACE
1)Transmisor, Receptor, Antena, Repetidores
2)Equipos de reserva
3)Sistema de Gestión
4)Sistema de Energía
TECNICAS DE DIVERSIDAD
a.Según los parámetros del camino radioelectrico
Diversidad de espacio: Utiliza un trayecto distinto disponiendo de dos antenas receptoras separadas verticalmente algunas decenas de longitud de onda
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Imagen


Diversidad de Frecuencia: El sistema Consiste en una doble transmisión/recepcion en frecuencias distintas, de forma q cuando una se desvanece, la recepción de la otra se recibe en fase. Se necesita una separacion del 2% incluso del 1%.
Diversidad de angulo: Implica el empleo de antenas con dos o mas haces separados por pequeños ángulos en el plano vertical, o bien antenas separadas apuntando con ángulos diferentes.
Diversidad de Trayecto: Es hacer una ruta alternativa, empleando repetidores la desventaja es el costo.
Diversidad de Polarizacion: Se usa polarizacion distinta pol. Horizontal y vertical, la horizontal se atenua mas rapido q la vertical.

b.Segun el tipo de procesamiento de la señal

Diversidad de selección: Permite la eleccion de la frecuencia q menor señal atenua. Elige la señal con el mejor nivel de señal
Diversidad de conmutación: Elige la señal de mayor calidad entre los dispositivos realizando medidas en el nivel de las mismas, cuando la señal medida esta por debajo del nivel de referencia, el sistema conmuta la otra señal.

EQUIPOS DE RESERVA
Estan en estado de reposo en espera de su posible entrada de funcionamiento debido a varias fallas. La nomenclatura de un equipo es:
M+N M= # de radiocanales activos N= # de radiocana de reserva

TECNICAS DE PROTECCION: El radio enlace debe estar en funcionamiento el mayor tiempo posible.
a)Sin equipos de reserva: utiliza diversidad de espacio, es decir necesita 1tx+2Rx.
b)Con equipo de reserva: 2Tx+2Rx, se utilizan dos frecuencias y la señal se recupera por conmutación, por tanto la transmisión y la Rx usan una sola antena, al sistema se le denomina heterofrecuencia.
c)Diversidad Mixta: Combinación de diversidad de espacio y frecuencia 2Tx y 2 Rx los Tx con ubna sola antena y dos para los Rx, este sistema se llama heterofrecuencia con 2 antenas.
2)CONMUTACION AL EQUIPO DE RESERVA: La protección por sistemas de conmutación según la interfase donde se efectúa la conmutación.
a) En banda base(BB-BB)= tratamiento de señal>modu>conversor elevadorb)En frecuencia intermedia(FI-FI)
c) Mixta(BB-FI)

CRITERIOS DE CALIDAD DE RADIO ENLACE
1)Calidad de Disponibilidad: La indisponibilidad como el tiempo en el que el radio enlace esta fuera de servicio to=no hay comunicación disponibilidad de 99.999% un año de 365 dias, indisponibilidad 365(0.001)5.25 minutos del año.
Interrupción del servicio: Sufre un corte en la Tx. Se da cuando se sobrepasa uno de los limites mínimos de funcionamiento impuestos por el sistema.
Pt- Pcable + Gtx – Pp + Grx – Pca= M-Sr

ENLACES ANALOGICOS

1.La calidad se cuantifica a traves de la relacion S/N
S/N=NPR+18.6 db NPR potencia de ruido dado por el proveedor
2. Potencia minima umbral: sensibilidad del receptor, representa el nivel minimo de señal q el receptor es capaz de remodular proporcionando una señal de salida aceptable Potmin=10db del umbral de ruido.
3.Margen Bruto de desvanecimiento
M=Pr-U Pr=potencia de recepcion U=umbral de ruido

INFLUENCIA DE RUIDO

a)Ruido de fondo, no depende del nivel de señal, ni de la carga, depende del equipo.
b)Ruido de Intermodulacion, depende de la carga, es originado por las no linealidades de los equipos
c)Ruido térmico, en función de la señal recibida, se calcula a la entrada del receptor
CRITERIOS DE CALIDAD DE UN ENLACE DIGITAL
1)Probabilidad de Error de bit:

W=Cb/Ro Cb: Energia por bit Ro=Densidad espectral del ruido en Rx, funcion de la modulacion

2)Tipo de Modulacion del sistema
a)Modulacion Binaria
b)Modulacion Multicanal
3) Taza de error de bit: Depende del producto de la densidad, espectral de ruido y el ancho de banda