Conditional Sentences

1. Zero Conditional (Present Real Conditional)

  • If + present simple, present simple.
  • Example: If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.

2. First Conditional (Future Real Conditional)

  • If + present simple, will + base form.
  • Example: If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.

3. Second Conditional (Present Unreal Conditional)

  • If + past simple, would + base form.
  • Example: If I had a million dollars, I would buy a yacht.

4. Third Conditional (Past Unreal Conditional)

  • If + past perfect, would have + past participle.
  • Example: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.

5. Mixed Conditionals

  • Combine elements of different conditional types to express complex hypothetical situations.
  • Example: If I had known you were coming (third conditional), I would have baked a cake (second conditional).

Reported Speech

1. Present Simple → Past Simple

  • Direct: She said, “I like coffee.”
  • Indirect: She said that she liked coffee.

2. Present Continuous → Past Continuous

  • Direct: “We are studying,” he said.
  • Indirect: He said they were studying.

3. Present Perfect → Past Perfect

  • Direct: “I have finished my homework,” she said.
  • Indirect: She said she had finished her homework.

4. Past Simple → Past Perfect

  • Direct: “I went to the store,” he said.
  • Indirect: He said he had gone to the store.

5. Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous

  • Direct: “They were waiting for you,” she said.
  • Indirect: She said they had been waiting for you.

6. Future Simple → Conditional (would)

  • Direct: “I will call you tomorrow,” he said.
  • Indirect: He said he would call me the next day.

Passive Voice

Subject + verb “to be” in the appropriate form (according to the tense) + past participle of the main verb + complement (optional)

1. Present Simple

  • Active: They build houses.
  • Passive: Houses are built by them.

2. Past Simple

  • Active: She wrote a book.
  • Passive: A book was written by her.

3. Present Continuous

  • Active: They are painting the house.
  • Passive: The house is being painted by them.

4. Past Continuous

  • Active: He was repairing the car.
  • Passive: The car was being repaired by him.

5. Present Perfect

  • Active: They have built a bridge.
  • Passive: A bridge has been built by them.

Causative Verbs

1. With “have” + object + base form of the verb

  • She had her car repaired.
  • He had his house painted.

2. With “have” + object + past participle of the verb

  • She had her hair cut.
  • He had his computer fixed.

3. With “get” + object + base form of the verb

  • She got her son to clean his room.
  • He got his employees to finish the project.

4. With “get” + object + past participle of the verb

  • She got her car washed.
  • He got his shoes polished.

Modal Verbs

1. Can: Expresses ability, capacity, or possibility.

  • I can swim.
  • She can speak Spanish.

2. Could: Similar to “can”, but used to express past ability, politeness, or to make requests more formally.

  • I could swim when I was younger.
  • Could you please pass the salt?

3. Will: Used to express future, promises, or decisions made at the time of speaking.

  • I will call you later.
  • She will help you with your homework.

4. Would: Used to express hypothetical situations, desires, or politeness.

  • If I had money, I would travel the world.
  • Would you like some coffee?

5. Should: Used to express advice, recommendations, obligations, or expectations.

  • You should study for the exam.
  • He should be here by now.

6. Must: Used to express obligation, necessity, or certainty.

  • You must wear a seatbelt in the car.
  • She must be at the airport by now.

7. May: Used to express permission, possibility, or probability.

  • May I use your phone?
  • It may rain later.

8. Might: Similar to “may”, but with a lower probability.

  • I might go to the party if I finish my work on time.
  • It might snow tomorrow.

9. Shall: Used to make suggestions or to form questions in formal English.

  • Shall we go for a walk?
  • I shall call you tomorrow.

10. Ought to: Used to express obligation or advice.

  • You ought to apologize for what you said.
  • They ought to be here by now.